What is preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) ?
PGD is a technique used to identify genetic defects in embryos created through in vitro fertilization (IVF) before pregnancy. A normal embryo must have 46 chromosomes in the right combination to enable normal viability 23 from the mother and 23 from the father, If the early dividing cell do not divide equally and distribute these chromosomes equally and in the right way, then aneuploidy is the result.
Who should consider preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) ?
PGD is benefit for any couple at risk for a genetic disease. The following is a list of individuals who are candidates for PGD:
– women ages 35 and over
– racial or ethnic association to specific diseases
– those with chromosomal disorders
– carriers of single gene defects
– carriers of sex-linked genetic disorders
– women experiencing recurrent pregnancy loss or recurrent implantation failure
How is the PGD performed?
The PGD begins with the normal process of in vitro fertilization. It involves the following steps:
| 1. The woman get medication for ovarian stimulation | ||||||||
| 2. As a standard in-vitro fertilization, the eggs collection was done and placed in a dish, then fertilized with the sperm | ||||||||
| 3. Three days after fertilization, embryo biopsy will be decided for the embryo that has 6-8 cell level. Steps for embryo biopsy include | ||||||||
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| 4. ������The cell will be analysed for one or more genetic abnormalities | ||||||||
| 5. The normal embryo are transferred in the woman’s womb |
How long has this technology been used?
The first PGD baby was born in 1989. Many babies have now been born world-wide, following the use of this technique. As the end of 2012, more than 1500 babies worldwide have been born using PGD.
What is the accuracy of PGD?
| Method | Percentage |
| FISH | 94% Trisomy accuracy per chromosome test |
| PCR | 95-96% for single gene disorder |
| aCGH | 98-100% per embryo |
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